The Best Modafinil Provigil Alternatives, youtube mp3 indir

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The Best Modafinil (Provigil) Alternatives?

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The Best Modafinil (Provigil) Alternatives?

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Modafinil is a non-amphetamine central nervous system (CNS) stimulant with wakefulness-promoting properties. It is used in the treatment of conditions which cause excessive daytime sleepiness. In the United States, modafinil is FDA-approved for the treatment of the following in adults: narcolepsy, sleep work shift disorder, and obstructive sleep apnea (adjunct to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)). It also has several off-label indications. This activity will highlight the mechanism of action, adverse event profile, pharmacology, monitoring, and relevant interactions of modafinil, pertinent for members of the interprofessional team in the treatment of patients with conditions where modafinil has a therapeutic purpose.

Modafinil is known to be a weak inhibitor of dopamine reuptake, which may be its primary clinically important property. It has little to no in vivo affinity for the serotonin (5HT) or norepinephrine (NE) transporters, although elevated concentrations of NE and 5HT in the prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus have been observed following modafinil administration, possibly as an indirect effect of increased extracellular dopamine.[12] Additionally, modafinil has been postulated to increase signaling in the hypothalamic orexin and histamine neurotransmitter pathways,[13] and animal studies have also suggested a glutamatergic effect.[14] A potential advantage of modafinil is its very low observed propensity for causing euphoric effects associated with traditional psychostimulants (e.g., cocaine, amphetamine). This has been attributed to differences in its interaction with the dopamine transporter at the molecular level.[15] In several laboratory studies of healthy subjects, modafinil has also been shown to reduce the euphoric effects of cocaine.[16][17]

Modafinil exists as a racemic mixture of S- and R-enantiomers. Of note, the R-enantiomer is thought to be the source of modafinil’s psychotropic properties and is marketed independently as armodafinil. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531476/)



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